In-ground clustering for plants

ABSTRACT

A method and system for managing bearing plants so that their in-ground portions (e.g., root-zones) are clustered together to improve water-use effectiveness; and training their above-ground structures such that their above-ground structures have the wider spacing they require. It is applicable to plants (e.g., vine-like plants including wine grapes) whose trunks can be oriented at an angle other than vertical or which can be otherwise shaped so that their distal ends are not centered above their in-ground portions but rather are horizontally offset from the in-ground portions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of US application Ser. No. 16/110,118, filed on Aug. 23, 2018, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/549,041, filed on Aug. 23, 2017; the entire contents of both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention

The present invention relates generally to cultivation of bearing plants and, more particularly, to a method of locating and training bearing plants that improves the yield produced by those plants for a given amount of available water and that offers other benefits.

Description of the Related Art

Humans have cultivated crops for all of recorded history, and frequently have used irrigation to supplement naturally available water. It is not surprising, then, that there are many ways to assess how well water is used. For irrigation systems, measures typically focus on the fraction of irrigation water that is, in some sense, made useful to the plant. For example, civil engineers, who design irrigation systems, have defined Irrigation Efficiency as the ratio of the volume of water that is beneficially used to the volume of irrigation water applied.

For farmers, the phrase “beneficial use” primarily means making water available to the roots of plants that produce a crop. In this case, the civil engineer's definition of Irrigation Efficiency can become the fraction of irrigation water that enters the crop's root-zone. (The root-zone refers to a volume of soil surrounding the roots of plants from which the plants draw water and nutrients.) These are both proportional measures that identify the useful portion of the water.

Plant scientists are concerned with the overall functioning of a plant, not with that of an irrigation system. They understand that putting water in the root-zone is only the beginning. The plant must then use the water properly. Therefore, they consider water-use efficiency, which can mean the fraction of water that is absorbed by roots of plants and used by those plants in metabolic process compared to that fraction lost to transpiration.

These two views have been combined to provide a third meaning to the term Irrigation Efficiency. That is, Irrigation Efficiency can mean the ratio of the amount of water consumed by the plants to the amount of water supplied through irrigation.

Each of these definitions concerns only the percentage of available water used by the plant. None measures how effectively the plant uses the water to produce a crop. (For example, a plant given too little water could have a high Irrigation Efficiency but yield nothing.) A more useful metric would measure how well the available water—both irrigation and natural—is used to produce a crop. It would encourage methods that improve the effectiveness with which the plants use available water to produce yield.

Traditionally, the desired structure of large plants that produce perennial crops is determined both by natural elements (including appropriate exposure to sun, proper air flow, topography, yield concerns) and by cultural practices (including needs of maintenance, pruning, harvesting, mechanization). These factors relate primarily to the above-ground portion of the plant that includes the canopy and the trunk. The natural elements determine a desired size for the canopy and the cultural practices specify access requirements. Together, they result in preferred arrangements of the plants. As used herein, a canopy of a plant is a distal end of a plant relative to the in-ground portion.

The desired structure is created according to a plant management method. The method begins by first locating the seeds or young plants from which the mature plants will grow. Known plant management methods frequently specify the locations for these seeds or young plants as the centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants.

After the seeds or young plants begin to grow, the root-zones develop naturally below ground. They are more or less centered under the original plant locations.

As the above-ground portions of the plants grow, the plant management method describes how to train them into the desired structure. Training can include devices to guide the plants into position and pruning to shape the plants. Some training devices are only used during the plants' formative stages; others remain for the life of the plants. Pruning entails removing selected portions of the plant at appropriate times of the year and proper phases of the plant's life. For example, during the summer of a young grapevine's first year of growth, only one shoot is allowed to grow from its roots; the others are removed. This shoot becomes the vine's trunk. Also, during the winter, much of the distal end of the above-ground portion of a mature grapevine is removed leaving only a few canes (shoots trimmed to 2-4 feet) or a desired number of spurs (shoots trimmed to 2-4 inches). The remaining canes or spurs become the basis for the vine's distal end of the above-ground portion during the next growing season. The training method can either locate the center of the distal end of the above-ground portion essentially over the original plant location or it can horizontally offset it from that location.

According to typical methods, such plant locations are normally equally spaced in substantially straight rows. The plants may also require training support systems such as trellises, which typically work well in straight rows. According to such methods, the interplant separation within the row provides sufficient space for each plant's distal end of the above-ground portion and the typically broader spacing between rows is wide enough to accommodate plant management equipment. Such a single curtain structure allows the plants to be maintained by equipment on both sides of the row. Alternatively to a single curtain structure, sometimes a double-row structure is used with pairs of rows fairly close together; only the spacing between the pairs is wide enough for the equipment. In this double-row (or double curtain) structure, each row can only be worked on one side.

An example of the conventional single-row structure is shown in FIG. 1. The figure depicts one row of a fairly dense wine grape vineyard 100 with four-foot interplant spacing (i.e., spacing between adjacent vine trunks 102 in the same row) and six-foot inter-row spacings (i.e. the spacing between adjacent rows.) The inter-row spacing is not shown in FIG. 1. Other interplant spacings and inter-row spacings are also are known. As the figure shows, each plant's trunk 102 (which connects the distal end of the above-ground portion 104 (e.g., a canopy) to the in-ground portion 106 (e.g., a root-zone)) has been trained to be essentially vertical by a training rod 108 (e.g., a four-foot ¼″ steel rod anchored in the ground 116). With a vertically trained trunk 102, the in-ground portion 106 is centered below the distal end of the above-ground portion 104, and the interplant spacing determined by above-ground factors coincides with the distance between the centers of the in-ground portions. The figure also sketches a vertical shoot positioning (VSP) trellising system 114 supported by end posts 110 into which the vines are trained. The lower horizontal wire (the fruiting wire 112) defines the tops of each trunk 102 (also referred to as the head 118 of each vine). These heads are also 4 feet apart, and set the trunk length at about 2% feet (i.e., distance from trunk head 118 to ground 116). Additional trellis wires guide the canopy into shape. For vineyards that use irrigation, there is typically an irrigation wire below the fruiting wire. FIG. 1 does not show an irrigation wire. This wire normally supports an irrigation tube with a drip emitter installed essentially over the center of each in-ground portion. The emitter flow rates are selected to assure proper water use effectiveness based on climate, plant variety & maturity, soil composition and other factors.

A second example of a conventional single-row structure is shown in FIG. 11. The figure depicts one row of a vineyard 1100 with the same plant density as FIG. 1 but which uses the known Casarsa training method. Here, the vines have been trained into a double-sided cordon structure along a fruiting wire 1112 and the cordons have been spur pruned. The cordons 1101 are horizontal extensions of the trunks 1102 along the fruiting wire 1112, and the spurs 1105 grow downward from the fruiting wire and no trellis wires are used. With this known method, the center of the distal end of the above-ground portion of each vine is directly above the center of its in-ground portion 1106. Hence, just as with the method which produced the structure depicted in FIG. 1, the distance between the centers of in-ground portions of nearby vines is essentially the same as that between their respective centers of distal ends of above-ground portions.

A third example of a conventional single-row structure is shown in FIG. 9. The figure also depicts one row of a vineyard 900 with the same plant density as FIG. 1 but with a different training method. Here, the vines have been trained into a single-sided cordon structure, and each year, the cordons are spur pruned. The cordons 901 are horizontal extensions of the trunks 902 along the fruiting wire 912, and the spurs 905 grow into vertical shoots that that are trained into the trellis to form the distal end of the above-ground portion 904. With this known method, the center of the in-ground portion of each vine is horizontally offset from the center of its distal end of the above-ground portion. However, each vine is offset in the same direction so, just as with the method which produced the structure depicted in FIG. 1, this method produces a structure where the distance between the centers of in-ground portions of nearby vines is essentially the same as that between the respective centers of the distal ends of the above-ground portions.

Another known row-oriented structure is the Geneva Double Curtain (GDC) training structure. Geneva Double Curtain is produced by a vine-training method where the distal end of the above-ground portion of individual vines is divided in two with each side trained downward from high fruiting wires as parallel pendent curtains. Another example of a double curtain structure is that produced by the Lyre training method. This structure depicted in FIG. 6. With Lyre, the distal end of the above-ground portion of each vine is divided in two with the sides separated by about two feet. Each side is trained along a horizontal fruiting wire 612, and unlike GDC, the shoots are trained upward as in VSP. Each side of the row is maintained separately.

These known methods produce structures that suffer from a number of problems, such as ineffective use of water. Accordingly, there is a need for improved methods that produce vineyards where the effectiveness with which the plants use available water to produce yield is increased.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to a first aspect, a plant management method is provided. The plant management method includes locating a first plant and a second plant. The first plant grows to include a first in-ground portion and a first above-ground portion and the second plant grows to include a second in-ground portion and a second above-ground portion. At least one of the first and second plants is then trained to horizontally offset its center of its respective distal end of its above-ground portion from the center of its respective in-ground portion. The offset(s) is/are such that a center of the distal end of the first above-ground portion and a center of the distal end of the second above-ground portion are the respective centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants and that these centers are further from each other than a center of the first in-ground portion and a center of the second in-ground portion are to each other.

In some embodiments, a distance between the centers of the first and second in-ground portions is less than half a distance between the centers of first and second distal ends, and in some embodiments less than a third or less than a fourth of the distance between the centers of first and second distal ends. In some embodiments, a distance between the centers of first and second in-ground portions is less than one foot (or less than six inches). In some embodiments, the first and second in-ground portions are close enough that a single drip emitter can effectively irrigate both plants. In this case, the in-ground portions are said to substantially overlap.

According to a second aspect, a plant management method is provided. The plant management method includes planting a first row of plants having a first plant and a second plant; installing a first end-post, a second end-post and a fruiting wire. The fruiting wire extends between the first end-post and the second end-post. The first plant grows to include a first above-ground portion and a first in-ground portion, and the second plant grows to include a second above-ground portion and a second in-ground portion. At least one of the first and second plants is then trained to horizontally offset the center of its respective distal end of the above-ground portion from the center of its respective in-ground portion. The offset(s) is/are such that a center of the distal end of the first above-ground portion and a center of the distal end of the second above-ground portion are the respective centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants and that these centers are further from each other than a center of the first in-ground portion and a center of the second in-ground portion are from each other.

In some embodiments, a distance between the centers of first and second in-ground portions is less than half a distance between the centers of first and second distal ends, and in some embodiments less than a third or less than a fourth of the distance between the centers of first and second distal ends. In some embodiments, a distance between the centers of first and second in-ground portions is less than one foot (or less than six inches). In some embodiments, the first and second in-ground portions substantially overlap.

According to a third aspect, a plant management method is provided. The plant management method includes planting a first row of plants having a first plant and a second plant; installing a first end-post, a second end-post, a trellis wire and a fruiting wire. The trellis wire and the fruiting wire extend between the first end-post and the second end-post. The first plant grows to include a first above-ground portion and a first in-ground portion, and the second plant grows to include a second above-ground portion and a second in-ground portion. At least one of the first and second plants is then trained to horizontally offset the centers of its respective distal end from the center of its respective in-ground portion. The offset(s) is/are such that a center of the distal end of the first above-ground portion and a center of the distal end of the second above-ground portion are the respective centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants and that those centers are further from each other than a center of the first in-ground portion and a center of the second in-ground portion are to each other.

In some embodiments, a distance between the centers of first and second in-ground portions is less than half a distance between the centers of first and second distal ends, and in some embodiments less than a third or less than a fourth of the distance between the centers of first and second distal ends. In some embodiments, a distance between the centers of first and second in-ground portions is less than one foot (or less than six inches). In some embodiments, the first and second in-ground portions substantially overlap.

In some embodiments, the first row of plants further includes a third plant that is located between the first plant and the second plant. The third plant grows to include a third above-ground portion and a third in-ground portion. The third plant is trained to center its above-ground portion above the center of its in-ground portion. The training is such that centers of the respective distal ends are at the respective centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants and that these centers are further from each other than the centers of their respective in-ground portions are from each other.

In some embodiments, the plant management method further includes planting a second row of plants having a third plant and a fourth plant. As the plants grow to include respective above-ground portions and in-ground portions, the above-ground portions of these plants are trained to horizontally offset at least one of their respective distal ends from its respective in-ground portion. The offset(s) is/are such that centers of the distal ends are at the respective centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants and that these centers are further from each other than the centers of their respective in-ground portions are from each other. In some embodiments, the distance between the pairs of centers of in-ground portions are less than half (or one third or one quarter) the distance between the respective centers of the distal ends of the above-ground portions. In some embodiments, the distance between the center of any plant's in-ground portion and the nearest in-ground portion of another plant is less than one foot (or less than six inches). In some embodiments, the in-ground portion of each plant substantially overlaps with that of at least one other plant.

According to a fourth aspect, a plant management method includes planting three or more plants located in a relatively close cluster. As the plants grow to include respective above-ground portions and in-ground portions, at least some of the above-ground portions of these three or more plants are trained to horizontally offset the centers of the distal ends of their above-ground portions from the centers of their respective in-ground portions. The offsets are such that centers of the distal ends are at the respective centers of the desired spaces to be occupied by the above-ground portions of the mature plants and that these centers are further from each other than the centers of their respective in-ground portions are from each other.

In some embodiments, the offsets are such that the distance between centers of any two plants' in-ground portions is less than half the distance between centers of their respective distal ends, and in some embodiments less than a third or less than a fourth of the distance between the centers of their respective distal ends. In some embodiments, the distance between the center of any plant's in-ground portion and the nearest in-ground portion of another plant is less than one foot (or less than six inches). In some embodiments, the in-ground portion of each plant substantially overlaps with that of at least one other plant.

In an additional aspect of the methodologies described herein, plants at ends of rows and/or in end rows are planted a higher density than the remaining portions of the plants planted at an interior of the planting zone or field.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 illustrates a side view of a conventional row spacing of a vineyard.

FIG. 2 illustrates a top view of an exemplary eight-vine cluster managed according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 3 illustrates a top view of a conventional row spacing of a vineyard.

FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of an exemplary two-vine clustered row managed according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of a three-vine clustered row managed according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 6 illustrates a conventional Lyre double curtain arrangement.

FIG. 7 illustrates a modified double curtain arrangement.

FIG. 8 illustrates a double curtain clustering managed according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 9 illustrates a side view of a conventional row trained to a single-sided cordon with spur pruning using a vertical shoot positioning training with trellis wires.

FIG. 10 illustrates a side view of a two-vine clustered row trained to single-sided cordon with spur pruning according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 11 illustrates a side view of a conventional row trained to a double-sided cordon with spur pruning using a Casarsa training method.

FIG. 12 illustrates a side view of a two-vine clustered row trained to a double-sided cordon with spur pruning managed according to embodiments of the present invention.

FIG. 13 illustrates a known field having uniform spacing between plants both in adjacent rows and between plants within a same row.

FIG. 14 illustrates a field in which the last two adjacent plants within a row have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do other plants within the same row.

FIG. 15 illustrates a field in which the last two rows within a field have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do other rows within the same field.

FIG. 16 illustrates a field in which the distal end of the above-ground portion of the last plant in a row is offset from its in-ground portion so that the in-ground portions of the last two adjacent plants within a row have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do the in-ground portions of the other plants within the same row.

FIG. 17 illustrates a field in which the distal ends of the above-ground portions of plants in an edge row are offset from their in-ground portions so that the in-ground portions of plants in the last two rows have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do the in-ground portions of plants in other rows within the same field.

FIG. 18 illustrates a field in which the distal end of the above-ground portion of the last plant in a row is offset from its in-ground portion so that the in-ground portions of the last two adjacent plants within a row have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do the in-ground portions of the other plants within the same row and the distal ends of the above-ground portions of plants in an edge row are offset from their in-ground portions so that the in-ground portions of plants in the last two rows have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do the in-ground portions of plants in other rows within the same field.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS

Embodiments of the present invention use a method of locating and training bearing plants that improves the yield produced by those plants for a given amount of available water and that possibly offers other benefits. This method involves locating those plants so that their in-ground portions (e.g., root-zones) are clustered together to improve water-use effectiveness; and training their above-ground structures such that their distal ends (e.g., canopies) have the wider spacing they require. It is applicable to plants whose trunks can be oriented at an angle other than vertical or which can be otherwise shaped so that their distal ends are not centered above their in-ground portions but rather are horizontally offset from the in-ground portions. It has been found to be particularly effective for vines and vine-like plants including wine grapes.

Embodiments of this invention may be used for relatively large plants that produce perennial crops (such as those harvested from trees, vines, flowers (such as roses), bushes, shrubs, herbs, fruit-bearing plants (including trees and bushes), seed-bearing plants (including trees and bushes) and the like). Thus, as used herein, “plant” shall be understood also to include trees, vines, flowers and bushes whether or not they utilize trellising. Exemplary plants herein include, but are not limited to: grapevines, tomatoes, cucumbers, beans, peas, hops, cannabis, pears, mandarins, kumquat, loquat, peach, plum, squash, blackberries, raspberries, currants, blueberries, almonds, pistachios, kiwi fruit, avocado, olives and mulberry. In addition, the description of the “planted” plants corresponds to manually (i.e., by humans or machines) planted plants (as opposed to plants growing wildly). In at least one embodiment, the plants are plants planted for commercial agriculture purposes (e.g., on a farm or in a vineyard) as opposed to in a home garden. In one embodiment, the plants are planted in at least 50 rows.

Embodiments described here utilize plant location and training to enable plants to produce more yield for a given amount of available water. This disclosure, therefore, will employ a term that focuses on a key goal of farming: water-use effectiveness (WUE), which is taken to be the yield produced by a given amount of available water. Unlike the unit-less water-use efficiency metrics, WUE is not an absolute measure. That is, its value can be adjusted simply by redefining the way yield is measured. It is, however, a valuable relative measure; it provides meaningful comparisons between competing ways to manage plants and to use water. When other aspects are kept constant (plant type, yield definition, overall cost, adaptability to mechanization, etc.) WUE data can provide a clear distinction between approaches. Embodiments disclosed here improve water-use effectiveness.

According to one aspect of the invention, the in-ground portions of multiple plants are clustered to provide an improved growing environment for the roots.

Experiments have verified that such clustering can significantly improve water-use effectiveness and can provide other benefits. In one example, whose resulting structure is depicted in FIG. 2, the in-ground portions 206 (e.g., root-zones) of eight vine trunks 202, having distal ends 204 (e.g., canopies), were clustered with only about 3-6 inches between centers of neighboring in-ground portions 206. Their distal ends were horizontally offset from their respective in-ground portions by 2-4 feet providing about 3.5 feet between centers of neighboring distal ends. These vines were given half as much water per vine as nearby vines planted in conventional rows with four-foot interplant and center spacing of in-ground portions (as described in relation to FIG. 1). The experiment was conducted in a region with no rain during the growing season, so essentially all available water came from irrigation in order to allow the distal ends 204 of the clustered vines adequate room, the trunks 202 were trained to five-foot vertical stakes (not shown) encircling the cluster several feet away. The distal ends 204 were developed using an adaptation of Gobelet vine training and no trellis was used. Gobelet vine training is a form of head training favored by the Romans. Traditionally, it has a short trunk (about 1% feet) topped by a gnarled head. It is spur pruned and the shoots are allowed to droop from the head. The longer trunks and vertical support stake used in this experiment prevented the shoots from reaching the ground.

The vine heads in the clustered configuration were slightly closer than in the traditional rows (3½ feet compared to 4 feet), but the distal ends were deeper assuring the vines of adequate sun and airflow. A top view of this configuration is shown in FIG. 2 and is compared to a top view of the traditional row structure in FIG. 3. Despite the significant water availability disadvantage (since the clustered configuration was given half as much water per vine), the clustered vines were substantially more robust and, at the end of the growing season, produced twice as much fruit per vine as the vines in the traditional rows. Thus, the water-use effectiveness for this example improved four-fold.

In addition to the water savings (twice the fruit for half the water), the clustering experiment also demonstrated other apparent advantages. For example, the experiment showed dramatic economy of land use. The total space per vine needed for the cluster, including room to access and maintain the vines, was about half that needed for vines in a traditional row structure. For some wine growing areas, particularly those that produce high quality wine, land cost is a major economic concern.

Wine made from the cluster grapes was preferred in subjective tasting trials to wine made from adjacent grapes grown in a conventional row configuration. Also, in a subsequent year, the cluster grapes suffered only minimal damage from extraordinarily hot weather. The same weather destroyed more than 70% of the crop in conventional rows.

If mechanized farming is desired, however, the cluster structure of FIG. 2 may not be ideal. Modern farm equipment is designed to maintain the distal ends of plants spaced uniformly in rows. Some vineyards, such as very small ones and those that produce premium wine grapes, use little, if any, mechanization. For these, the increased effectiveness of water and land use offered by cluster structure of FIG. 2 could be compelling. However, for many other grape vineyards and for producers of other crops who also depend on equipment, mechanization is important. In such circumstances, the cluster configuration of FIG. 2 may be modified so that it is compatible with a single- or double-curtain row layout. That is, clustering of in-ground portions can also be applied to plants whose distal ends grow in substantially straight rows. The discussion here focuses on grapes, but the method is applicable to any plant whose trunk and above-ground portion can be managed so that the above-ground portion is horizontally offset from the in-ground portion. The objective of the offset is to allow replication of the structure of the distal end of the above-ground portion of conventional row planting while clustering the in-ground portions.

FIG. 4 illustrates the result of using an exemplary embodiment to create a two-vine clustered row. As shown in FIG. 4, the resulting vineyard 400 includes pairs of grape vines that have been planted with centers of their in-ground portions 406 a few inches apart. In the exemplary illustrated embodiment, their trunks 402 have been trained to locate their heads 418 in the same positions as those shown for conventional row planting in FIG. 1. This is done with an angled training rod 408 connected to a vertical support rod 420. As a result, the trunks 402 in the two-vine clustered row are a bit longer (3% feet instead of 2% feet) but the distal ends 404 are horizontally offset from the in-ground portions 406 and have the same location and shape as in a conventional row. Consequently, the same vineyard equipment that would service the distal ends in a conventional row would also service those in a clustered row (e.g., VSP trellis 414, fruiting wire 412, and end-posts 410 coupled to the ground 416). The irrigation system for this embodiment can use a single drip emitter for each pair of vines.

FIG. 12 illustrates the result of an exemplary embodiment to produce a two-vine clustered row using the known Casarsa training method. As shown in FIG. 12, vineyard 1200 includes pairs of grape vines that have been planted with centers of their in-ground portions 1206 a few inches apart. Their trunks 1202 have been trained to locate their heads 1218 in the same positions as those shown for conventional row planting in FIG. 11. This is done with an angled training rod 1208 connected to a vertical support rod 1220. As a result, the trunks 1202 in the two-vine clustered row are a bit longer but the distal ends are offset from the in-ground portions 1206 and have the same location and shape as in a conventional row using the Casarsa training method. Consequently, the same vineyard equipment that would service the distal ends in a conventional Casarsa row would also service those in a clustered row (e.g., no trellis wire, fruiting wire 1212, and end-posts 1210 coupled to the ground 1216).

FIG. 5 illustrates the result of an exemplary embodiment to produce a three-vine clustered row, which extends the two-vine cluster of FIG. 4 to a three-vine cluster. That is, three vines are planted close together. The reference numbers in FIG. 5 may denote similar structure to that of FIG. 4. For example, the vines are trained with training rods 508. Due to the geometry, though, the center vine is trained vertically using a training rod 508 that is smaller (e.g., 4 feet long) than the training rod 508 used for the outer two vines (e.g., about 6 feet long). To maintain the four-foot vine head spacing, the center vine trunks are shorter (e.g., about 2% feet) than the outer trunks (e.g., over 4% feet). As in the two-vine cluster, the centers of the three clustered in-ground portions 506 are a few inches apart and the distal ends are offset to be 4 feet apart. The irrigation system for this embodiment can use a single drip emitter for each group of three vines.

FIG. 10 illustrates the result of using a second exemplary embodiment to create a two-vine clustered row, this one trained with single-sided cordon that uses spur pruning. As shown in FIG. 10, vineyard 1000 includes pairs of grape vines that have been planted with centers of their in-ground portions 1006 a few inches apart. The cordons 1001 of adjacent vines have been trained in opposite directions so their spurs are in the same positions as those shown for conventional row planting with cordon training in FIG. 9. This is done with pairs of vertical training rods 1008 placed close together. As a result, the trunks 1002 and cordons 1001 in the two-vine clustered row with cordon training are similar in size and shape to those in FIG. 9, but the centers of the distal ends 1004 are offset from the in-ground portions 1006 and have the same location and shape as in a conventional row. Consequently, the same vineyard equipment that would service the distal ends in a conventional row would also service those in a clustered row (e.g., VSP trellis 1014, fruiting wire 1012, and end-posts 1010 coupled to the ground 1016). The irrigation system for this embodiment can use a single drip emitter for each pair of vines.

Another row-oriented vineyard form created by using an embodiment of the invention resembles the double curtain approach. In order to explain how this approach can be adopted for the invention, we begin with an intermediate explanatory step. FIG. 7 shows a known double-curtain training system based on two closely parallel rows of vines with about two feet between rows. Here the distal ends of individual vines are positioned like the vine sides in Lyre. These distal ends would be trained with VSP and, as with Lyre, maintained from only one side.

FIG. 8 shows four-vine clusters managed with an embodiment of the invention where the vine heads are in the same positions as those in FIG. 7. The vines here would benefit from clustering of in-ground portions and would retain essentially the structure of the above-ground portion of a Lyre system that is commonly maintained with standard vineyard equipment. Note, for simplicity, the training and support rods have been omitted from these latter two figures.

To date, the experiments with clustering of in-ground portions have focused on plants supported primarily with irrigation water. Therefore, water availability could be varied while keeping other natural variables constant. However, the water-use effectiveness advantage of clustered in-ground portions as disclosed herein would also apply to plants whose water is supplied in whole or in part by rain. Embodiments would significantly reduce the need for supplemental irrigation and could allow successful farming in drier years from areas when irrigation is not allowed (for example, some regions, primarily in Europe, have local regulations that limit or prohibit wine grape irrigation).

Thus, a number of embodiments have been fully described above with reference to the drawing figures. Other details of the embodiments of the invention should be readily apparent to one skilled in the art from the drawings. Although the invention has been described based upon these embodiments, it would be apparent to those skilled in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, while two-vine and three-vine clusters have been described for a single curtain row structure, clusters involving more than three vines are also possible. Similarly, for double curtain row structures, clusters involving more than four vines are possible. Also, for the embodiment of FIG. 2, where a row-structure was not employed, other types of geometries or spacing is possible, such as a rectangular arrangement of plants with more or less spacing between the in-ground portions and/or the distal ends. Further, the particular separation measurements mentioned in the embodiments are only exemplary. Others are possible.

In addition, the above-ground training systems in the embodiments are only exemplary. Others, including those with and without trellis wires, are possible. The key is locating plants so that their in-ground portions are relatively close and then training them so that their above-ground distal ends are relatively further apart. This provides improved water use effectiveness and other benefits while retaining the required above-ground spacing.

Another such method for locating plants so that their in-ground portions are relatively close utilizes an increased plant density near an end of a row and/or at end rows. FIG. 13 illustrates a known field having uniform spacing between the in-ground portions of plants both in adjacent rows and between plants within a same row. By comparison, FIG. 14 illustrates a field in which the in-ground portions of the last two adjacent plants within a row (e.g., as shown in the left side of the figure) have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do other plants in the same row (e.g., based on an average distance between in-ground portions of the plants within the row, based on an average distance between in-ground portions of the plants within the row as well as adjacent rows, or based on an average distance between in-ground portions of the plants within the field). Because the above-ground portions of these plants have not been offset from their in-ground portion, the in-ground portion density is also increased near an end of the row. It is believed that this higher density end contributes to increased plant viability and/or resilience. The higher density can likewise be utilized at an opposite end of the row. The higher density of the in-ground portions need not be limited to the last two plants but instead may extend to the in-ground portions of the last three adjacent plants such that the in-ground portions of the last three plants have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do other plants in the same row (e.g., based on an average distance between in-ground portions of the plants within the row, based on an average distance between in-ground portions of the plants within the row as well as adjacent rows, or based on an average distance between in-ground portions of the plants within the field). In one embodiment, the spacing between in-ground portions of the higher density plants (e.g., the last two or three plants) nearest the end of the row is less than 80% of the average spacing between the other adjacent plants within the rest of the row (that are not also end plants). Alternatively, less than 60% can be used.

Similarly, FIG. 15 illustrates a field in which the in-ground portions of the last two rows within a field have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do other rows within the same field (e.g., based on an average distance between the in-ground portions of the rows within the field). The higher density can likewise be utilized at an opposite side of the field. The higher density of in-ground portions need not be limited to the last two rows but instead may extend to the last three adjacent rows such that the in-ground portions of the last three rows have a higher density (i.e., smaller distance between them) than do other rows in the same field (e.g., based on an average distance between the in-ground portions of the rows within the field). The above configurations for FIGS. 14 and 15 can be utilized with plants having their above-ground portion above the in-ground portion or, as shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, having their above-ground portion offset from the in-ground portion. In one embodiment, the spacing between the in-ground portions of the higher density rows (e.g., the last two or three rows) nearest the end of the field is less than 80% of the average spacing between the in-ground portions of the other adjacent rows within the rest of the field (that are not also end rows). Alternatively, less than 60% can be used.

In addition, it is possible to upgrade existing plants and/or rows with additional plants and/or rows to have the higher density described above (to achieve increased viability and/or resilience). For example, an existing set of rows can be upgraded by planting one or two extra plants adjacent to the respective plant at an end of each rows. The extra plants can be planted at an interior portion of the row (in between two existing plants) or at an exterior portion of the row (to the outside of the existing plants) to achieve the higher density. Similarly, extra rows can be planted at an interior portion of the field (in between two existing rows) or at an exterior portion of the field (to the outside of the existing rows) to achieve the higher density.

These and other modifications of the present invention are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of training plants comprising: planting a first plant and a second plant, wherein (1) the first plant grows to have a first in-ground portion and a first above-ground portion distal to the first in-ground portion and (2) the second plant grows to have a second in-ground portion and a second above-ground portion distal to the second in-ground portion; training the first and second plants to horizontally offset at least one of their respective first and second above-ground portions from their respective first and second in-ground portions; wherein a center of the first above-ground portion and a center of the second above-ground portion are further from each other than a center of the first in-ground portion and a center of the second in-ground portion are from each other.
 2. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are plants planted in in commercial agriculture.
 3. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, further comprising: planting a third plant, wherein the third plant grows to have a third in-ground portion and a third above-ground portion distal to the third in-ground portion; wherein a center of the third above-ground portion and a center of the first above-ground portion are further from each other than a center of the third in-ground portion and a center of the first in-ground portion are from each other, and a center of the third above-ground portion and a center of the second above-ground portion are further from each other than a center of the third in-ground portion and a center of the second in-ground portion are from each other.
 4. The method of training as claimed in claim 3, further comprising: planting a fourth plant, wherein the fourth plant grows to have a fourth in-ground portion and a fourth above-ground portion distal to the fourth in-ground portion; wherein a center of the fourth above-ground portion and a center of the first above-ground portion are further from each other than a center of the fourth in-ground portion and a center of the first in-ground portion are from each other, and a center of the fourth above-ground portion and a center of the second above-ground portion are further from each other than a center of the fourth in-ground portion and a center of the second in-ground portion are from each other, and a center of the fourth above-ground portion and a center of the third above-ground portion are further from each other than a center of the fourth in-ground portion and a center of the third in-ground portion are from each other.
 5. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are selected from the group consisting of: perennials, fruit-bearing, seed-bearing, trees and vines.
 6. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are perennials.
 7. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are fruit-bearing.
 8. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are seed-bearing.
 9. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are trees.
 10. The method of training as claimed in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are vines.
 11. The method of training as in claim 1, wherein the first and second plants are selected from the group consisting of: grapevines, tomatoes, fabaceae, cucurbitaceae and cannabaceae.
 12. The method of training as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and second plant are grapevines.
 13. The method of training as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and second plant are tomatoes.
 14. The method of training as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and second plant are fabaceae.
 15. The method of training as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and second plant are cucurbitaceae.
 16. The method of training as claimed in claim 11, wherein the first and second plant are cannabaceae.
 17. A method of planting plants in a field comprising: planting plants in first and second adjacent rows where a spacing between in-ground portions of a first plant and an adjacent second plant within the first row and near an end of the first row is closer than an average spacing of in-ground portions of other adjacent plants within a rest of the first row.
 18. The method of planting as claimed in claim 17, wherein a spacing of respective in-ground portions between 3 of the plants nearest the end of the first row are closer than an average spacing between respective in-ground portions of other adjacent plants within the rest of the first row.
 19. The method of planting as claimed in claim 17 wherein the first plant is the next-to-last plant at the end of the row.
 20. The method of planting as claimed in claim 19, wherein the spacing between respective in-ground portions of the 2 plants is less than 80% of the average spacing between respective in-ground portions of the other adjacent plants within the rest of the first row.
 21. A method of planting plants in a field comprising: planting plants in rows wherein a spacing between respective in-ground portions of rows near an edge of the field are closer than an average spacing between respective in-ground portions of rows in a rest of the field.
 22. The method of planting of claim 21, wherein a spacing between respective in-ground portions of 2 of the rows nearest an edge of the field is substantially less than the average spacing between respective in-ground portions of the rows in the rest of the field.
 23. The method of planting of claim 22, wherein the spacing between the respective in-ground portions of the 2 of the rows nearest the edge of the field is less than 80% of the average spacing between the respective in-ground portions of the rows in the rest of the field. 